PPL(A) Exercise 18(b) ✈︎ Navigation ✈︎ Low level

EASA requirements:-

Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility:

(A) actions before descending; 

(B) hazards (for example obstacles and terrain); 

(C) difficulties of map reading; 

(D) effects of wind and turbulence; 

(E) vertical situational awareness (avoidance of controlled flight into terrain); 

(F) avoidance of noise sensitive areas; 

(G) joining the circuit; 

(H) bad weather circuit and landing.

Aviate - Navigate - Communicate - and then manage the problem

Low Flying - Introduction

Low Flying - Consolidation

Weather Avoidance & Diversion

VFR diversion

VFR diversion

Lost in the sky? How to find your position without GPS

VOR triangulation

Terrain and Weather Awareness

Minimum altitudes; MOCA; MEA